On the Silver Globe

On the Silver Globe (Na srebrnym globie). Andrzej Żuławski, 1988.

😿 😿

Edition screened: Included in Eureka! Masters of Cinema Blu-ray box set Andrzej Żuławski: Three Films, released 2023. Polish language with English subtitles. Runtime approximately 166 minutes.

Summary: Hunting idiocy (normalcy).

Details:

1) 25:38-25:48. One of the travelers spears a fish in the sea, brings it onboard the boat and removes it from the spear, then chucks it outside of the frame.

2) 29:09-29:14. Arrows are shot into trees and birds squawk and fly away/fall to the ground. Because it happens so quickly I’m uncertain if any were hit, but it appears that at least one may have been.

One Wonderful Sunday

One Wonderful Sunday (Subarashiki nichiyobi). Akira Kurosawa, 1947.

😸

Edition screened: Included in Criterion Eclipse Series 07: Postwar Kurosawa 5-DVD set, released 2007. Japanese language with English subtitles. Runtime approximately 109 minutes.

Summary: No depictions of violence or harm to animals. 

Peyton Place

Peyton Place. Mark Robson, 1957.

😿

Edition screened: 20th Century Fox DVD, released 2004. English language. Runtime approximately 156 minutes.

Summary: A live lobster is pulled from a glass holding tank and dropped into a kettle of boiling water, 1:35:00-1:35:10. Although the reality of this torturous practice is horrendous, the depiction is not graphic and is presented as part of a romantic dinner at an outdoor restaurant in Malibu Beach.

Lobster aside, Peyton Place is an unexpectedly decent film from just about any perspective. The script, acting, set design, moralizing themes, and costuming are excellent. Peyton Place also is really ‘seedy’- a word I’ve used less than half a dozen times in my life - in the way the film draws our interest to rape, abortion, and adultery (although none of those words is used in the 1957 production), and the type of small-town gossip that ruins innocent people’s lives.

Phantom

Phantom. F.W. Murnau, 1922.

😸

Edition screened: Eureka! Masters of Cinema Blu-ray #14a included in the Early Murnau: Five Films 1921-1925 box set released 2016. German intertitles with English subtitles, no dialogue track. Runtime approximately 119 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

Pulsating Flesh/Super Sex

Pulsating Flesh/Super Sex. Carlos Tobalina, 1986.

😸

Edition screened: Vinegar Syndrome DVD #160 Peekarama: Pulsating Flesh/Super Sex, released 2017. English language. Cumulative runtime approximately 159 minutes.

Summary: No animals in either feature.

• Pulsating Flesh. Carlos Tobalina as Troy Benny, 1986, approximately 79 minutes.. 2/5❤

• Super Sex. Carlos Tobalina as Troy Benny, 1986, approximately 80 minutes. 2.5/5❤

Rebels of the Neon God

Rebels of the Neon God (Qing shao nian nuo zha). Ming-liang Tsai, 1992.

😿

Edition screened: Big World Blu-ray, released 2022. Mandarin language with English subtitles. Runtime approximately 106 minutes.

Summary: Cruel killing of an insect.

Details: The protagonist skewers a cockroach with a compass, brings it to his desk and drives the skewered cockroach onto the desk, 2:27-2:40. We see the cockroach again at 3:03-3:11 as the protagonist flings the dead cockroach outside through the window. A little over a minute later, the cockroach wins some small retribution as another cockroach sticks to the glass pane outside the protagonist’s bedroom window and he tries smacking the glass so that the cockroach falls off on the other side, but winds up putting his hand through the window pane and cutting himself.

Runaway Nightmare

Runaway Nightmare. Mike Cartel, 1982.

😸

Edition screened: Vinegar Syndrome DVD #042, released 2014. English language. Runtime approximately 94 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

The scene in the rural bar includes several shots of a 1969 Williams Suspense (41:15), plus quick views of a 1971 Gottlieb Drop-A-Card (44:48), a 1976 Bally Night Rider and a 1977 Bally Bobby Orr Power Play (both 45:04), and a 1971 Gottlieb Roller Coaster (45:32)

Scandal (Kurosawa)

Scandal (Shubun). Akira Kurosawa, 1950.

😸

Edition screened: Included in Criterion Eclipse Series 07: Postwar Kurosawa 5-DVD set, released 2007. Japanese language with English subtitles. Runtime approximately 104 minutes.

Summary: No depictions of violence or harm to animals. 

Secrets of Sweet Sixteen

Secrets of Sweet Sixteen (Was Schulmädchen verschweigen). Ernst Hofbauer, 1973.

😸

Edition screened: Included on Darkforce Blu-ray Drive-in Double Feature #11 Secrets of Sweet Sixteen / Wacky Taxi, released 2021. English dub. Runtime approximately 80 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals. 3/5❤

Shame (Jodrell)

Shame. Steve Jodrell, 1988.

😸

Edition screened: Umbrella Blu-ray, released 2023. English language. Runtime approximately 94 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

Showgirls

Showgirls. Paul Verhoeven, 1995.

😸

Edition screened: Vinegar Syndrome UHD #6, released 2023. English language. Runtime approximately 131 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

Silent Avant-Garde: 21 Experiments with Silent Film & New Music

Silent Avant-Garde: 21 Experiments with Silent Film & New Music. Various directors, 1922-2022.

😸

Edition screened: Kino Lorber Blu-ray, released 2023. Individually scored, no dialogue tracks. Cumulative runtime approximately 188 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals in any of the films. 

Many of these important short films were released previously on Avant-Garde: Experimental Cinema of the 1920’s and 30’s and other Kino compilations, but there are some wonderful surprises in this volume and the new music is a treat. Included are:

1. The Twenty-Four Dollar Island (Robert Flaherty, 1925, 14 minutes.) New digital restoration. Music by Donald Sosin.

2. Mexican Footage (Sergei Eisenstein, 1930, 5 minutes.) New digital restoration. No music.

3. Anémic Cinéma (Marcel Duchamp, 1926, 7 minutes.) Music by Gustavo Matamoros.

4. Pas de deux (Al Brick, 1924, 4 minutes.) Music by Donald Sosin.

5. “Skyline Dance” montage sequence from Manhattan Cocktail. (Slavko Vorkapich, 1928. Music by John Alden Carpenter.

6. “The Money Machine” montage sequence from The Wolf of Wall Street. (Slavko Vorkapich, 1929). Music by John Alden Carpenter.

7. “Prohibition” montage sequence from Sins of the Fathers.(Slavko Vorkapich, 1928.) Music by John Alden Carpenter.

8. “The Furies” montage sequence from Crime of Passion. (Slavko Vorkapich, 1934.) Music by Ludwig van Beethoven.

9. A Bronx Morning (Jay Leyda, 1931, 14 minutes.) Music by Donald Sosin.

10. Look Park (Ralph Steiner, 1973, 10 minutes). New digital restoration. Music by Jacob Druckman, Jacques Offenbach.

11. The Life and Death of 9413, a Hollywood Extra (Robert Florey and Slavko Vorkapich, 1927, 14 minutes.) Music by Carlos Dominguez, Alex Lough.

12. Hände [Hands: The Life and Loves of the Gentler Sex] (Miklos Bandy and Stella F. Simon, 1927, 13 minutes.) Music by Marc Blitzstein.

13. Return to Reason (Man Ray, 1923, 2 minutes). New digital restoration. Music by George Antheil, performed by Guy Livingston; Paul Lehrman

14. Manhatta (Paul Strand and Charles Sheeler, 1921, 12 minutes.) Music by Donald Sosin.

15. Ballet Mécanique [Charlot présente le ballet mécanique] (Fernand Léger, 1924 & 1931, 13 minutes.) New digital restoration. Music by George Antheil, Charles Amirkhanian.

16. Hearts of Age (Orson Welles, 1934, 8 minutes.) Music by Donald Sosin.

17. Escape: Synchronomy No. 4 (Mary Ellen Bute and Theodore J. Nemeth, 1938, 4 minutes.) New digital restoration. Music by Johann Sebastian Bach, conducted by Léopold Stokowski.

18. N.Y., N.Y. (Francis Thompson, 1949-1958, 15 minutes.) Music by Gene Forrell.

19. The Eclipse [Rose Hobart] (Joseph Cornell, 1936-1949), 21 minutes). New digital restoration. Music by Rafael Audinot, Alberto de Bru, Cuarteto Caney.

20. Tenga fe (Bruce Posner, 1906, 1922, 2022, 7 minutes.) New digital restoration. Music by Christian Wolff.

21. The Enchanted City (Warren A. Newcombe and Howard Estabrook, 1922), 12 minutes.) New digital restoration. Music by Donald Sosin.

Slave Girls from Beyond Infinity

Slave Girls from Beyond Infinity. Ken Dixon, 1987.

😸

Edition screened: Full Moon Blu-ray, released 2019. English language with. Runtime approximately 75 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals. 2.5/5❤

Sorority Sweethearts

Sorority Sweethearts. Paul Vatelli, 1982.

😸

Edition screened: Included on Vinegar Syndrome Blu-ray #324 with I Like to Watch, released 2020. English language. Runtime approximately 77 minutes.

Summary: No depictions of violence or harm to animals. 2.5/5❤

Spacked Out

Spacked Out (Mo yan ka sai). Lawrence Lau, 2000.

😸

Edition screened: Kani Blu-ray, released 2023. Cantonese language with English subtitles. Runtime approximately 91 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

Station Eleven: The Complete Series

Station Eleven: The Complete Series. Various directors, 2022.

😿

Edition screened: Paramount UHD Blu-ray, released 2023. English language. Runtime of all ten episodes approximately 8 hours and 30 minutes.

Summary: A few brief and comparatively mild scenes of hunting and cutting meat, all occurring when young Kirsten and Jeevan are living in the house in the woods.

Details:

Episode #4 “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Aren’t Dead” 

• Brief image of a dead deer’s head followed by meat cutting, 10:42-10:48. Then comparatively tidy meat handling during dialogue through 11:12.

• A line of wolf pelts hangs on the cabins porch at 11:22. Kirsten says “You murdered Big Daddy’s entire family” as an explanation of a key line from The Prophecy: “To the monsters we are the monsters.”

3) Episode #5 “Survival Is Not Sufficient”

• The wolf pelts at the cabin again, 00:14.

4) Episode #9 “Doctor Chaudhary”

• A deer is shot and dragged through the woods on a skid (2:07-2:38), with no gruesome images or bullet impact. Immediately afterward, the same butchering scene we saw in Episode #4, through 2:45.

• While walking in the woods, Jeevan is attacked by a wolf. We never see the animal but hear the rifle blast when Big Daddy is shot.

None of these scenes is particularly disturbing. Do not be dissuaded from enjoying this good show. 

Strangler vs. Strangler

Strangler vs. Strangler (Davitelj protiv davitelja). Slobodan Šijan, 1984.

😿

Edition screened: Mondo Macabro Blu-ray, released 2022. Serbo-Croatian language with English subtitles. Runtime approximately 96 minutes.

Summary: Endangerment of chickens for comedic effect.

Details: A crate of chickens falls out of a small truck during pursuit of the killer. A bicyclist then collides with the crate and falls on top where the chickens are (1:16:03-1:16:09). It does not seem that any of the chickens were hurt, but that’s probably just their good fortune while at the mercy of a director who thinks such things are funny. 

Tartuffe

Tartuffe (Herr Tartüff). F.W. Murnau, 1925.

😸

Edition screened: Eureka! Masters of Cinema Blu-ray #143 included in the Early Murnau: Five Films 1921-1925 box set released 2016. German intertitles with English subtitles, no dialogue track. Runtime approximately 63 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

Terminal Degeneration: The Films of Jon Moritsugu

Terminal Degeneration: The Films of Jon Moritsugu. 1987-2013.

😿😿😿😿

Edition screened: AGFA Blu-ray set, released 2023. English language. Cumulative runtime approximately 519 minutes.

Summary:  If you are looking at this site for the right reasons, these films are to be avoided. If you are looking at this site for the wrong reasons, you are to be avoided.

Huge thanks to my mate for plowing through these films! Let’s address these all in one post to deny the director the extra attention he desires.

The American Genre Film Archive set includes:

My Degeneration (1989)

• 04:30-05:25.  Stock footage of a slaughterhouse with cattle hanging upside down. Appears to be part of an informational video as the voice-over explains the process and quality of “food” that non-vegans would be getting from the cattle. The footage has a very low grain with a black ‘old TV’-type effect that constantly waves up and down across the screen making everything barely discernible. No animal is shown to be killed. It shows them already dead and hanging upside down.
• 11:04-11:28.  We see a pig head in the fridge with an odious voice-over making pig sounds whilst a hand off-screen manipulates the mouth so that it moves. The pig’s head is treated as a character in the film and affectionately talked to throughout in different places. It apparently later becomes the protagonist’s love interest.
• 16:25-? Footage of animals being pulled apart. At this point I turned it off. Apparently making jokes out of dead animals is punk and cool. This is not worth watching at all. 

Hippy Porn (1991)

• 00:31-02:12.  We see a rotting corpse of a cat on the side of a road. There are lots of zoom-ins and close-ups of the cat with flies and maggots all over it. The protagonist apologizes for running over the cat and then drives off.
• 28:36-28:48. Two of the characters go rat hunting. We don’t see them kill a rat but we see a dead rat that’s implied to have been killed. In one moment, the rat is hung upside down by its tail. 
• 58:25-58:36. Character is doing hopscotch and then stops to inspect a dead bird on the ground. 
• 1:02:11-1:02:14. Close up of maggots coming out of, I believe, a bird.

Li'l Debbie Snackwhore of New York City (1987)

Cruelty-free

Terminal USA (1993)

01:41-01:52. A skinhead keeps shoving a dead rat in Jon Moritsugu’s face because their character owes him money.

Mod Fuck Explosion (1994)

1:03:18-1:04:16. Bloodied animal parts are strewn all over the floor and hang from the ceiling.

Crack (1999)

Cruelty-free

Fame Whore (1997)

Cruelty-free

Scumrock (2002)

Cruelty-free

Pig Death Machine (2013)

Did not watch as they all were so B-grade and bad, but descriptions of Pig Death Machine indicate that it has some animal cruelty in it. 

The Third Part of the Night

The Third Part of the Night (Trzecia czesc nocy). Andrzej Żuławski, 1971.

😿

Edition screened: Included in Eureka! Masters of Cinema Blu-ray box set Andrzej Żuławski: Three Films, released 2023. Polish language with English subtitles. Runtime approximately 107 minutes.

Summary: Perverted engagements with lice.

Details:

1) Lice are plucked from a Petri dish and clamped into the teeth of a metallic object to hold them in place. Shortly afterwards they’re fed blood. (1:13:54-1:14:04)

2) Protagonist appears to be dissecting lice, 1:24:30-1:24:54.

Through the Olive Trees

Through the Olive Trees (Zire darakhatan zeyton). Abbas Kiarostami, 1994.

😸

Edition screened: Criterion Blu-ray#992, included in the box set The Koker Trilogy, released 2019. Persian language. Runtime approximately 103 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

Tod Browning’s Sideshow Shockers

Tod Browning’s Sideshow Shockers. Tod Browning, 1925-1932.

😸

Edition screened: Criterion Blu-ray set #1194, released 2023. English language. Cumulative runtime of feature films approximately 203 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

In addition to a large quantity of supplemental material about Freaks, the Criterion set includes the feature films:

Freaks (1971)

The Unknown (1927)

The Mystic (1925)

A Tom, Tom Chaser

A Tom, Tom Chaser. Ken Jacobs, 2002.

😸

Edition screened: Included on Keno Lorber Blu-ray Ken Jacobs Collection Vol. 1, released 2021. No audio track. Runtime approximately 11 minutes.

Summary: This short film revisits the 1905 Tom, Tom the Piper’s Son for further manipulation. As such, we know a small pig is handled inappropriately per the Bitzer original and Jacobs' 1966 manipulation, but this time Jacobs alters the source film to such a degree that content is not legible.

Tom, Tom, the Piper’s Son

Tom, Tom, the Piper’s Son. Ken Jacobs, 1966.

😿

Edition screened: Included on Keno Lorber Blu-ray Ken Jacobs Collection Vol. 1, released 2021. No audio track. Runtime approximately 115 minutes.

Summary: A small pig is handled roughly throughout the film. A teenager picks the pig up then drops it numerous times, drags it on a rope by the neck a short distance, rolls around with it on the floor roughly, and similar.

The Jacobs film begins with a straight showing of G.W. Bitzer’s 1905 Tom, Tom the Piper’s Son, then Jacobs manipulates sections of the original for over 108 minutes. Hence, we see the same rough handling of the pig repeatedly.

Tough Guys Don’t Dance

Tough Guys Don’t Dance. Norman Mailer, 1987.

😿😿

Edition screened: Vinegar Syndrome Blu-ray, released 2023. English language. Runtime approximately 109 minutes.

Summary: Murder of a dog.

Details:

1:01:18-20  The dog is knifed in the neck.

1:01:34-36  The attacker pulls themself off the dog, now dead. 1:01:43-1:02:12  We see the dead dog alongside the attacker on the ground who is pleading the owner for forgiveness.

Twilight (Fehér)

Twilight (Szürkület). György Fehér, 1990.

😸

Edition screened: Second Run Blu-ray, released 2023. Hungarian language with English subtitles. Runtime approximately 101 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

The Ultimate Degenerate

The Ultimate Degenerate. Michael Findlay (as Julian Marsh), 1969.

😸

Edition screened: Something Weird DVD-R, released 2003. English language. Runtime approximately 72 minutes.

Summary: No animals or references to animals in the film. 3/5❤

Afternoon Delights/Slave of Pleasure

Afternoon Delights/Slave of Pleasure. Shaun Costello, 1978-1981.

😸

Edition screened: Vinegar Syndrome DVD #178 Peekarama: Afternoon Delights/Slave of Pleasure, released 2017. English language. Cumulative runtime approximately 166 minutes.

Summary: No depictions of violence or harm to animals in either feature.

• Afternoon Delights. Shaun Costello as Warren Evans, 1981, approximately 83 minutes. 4/5❤

• Slave of Pleasure. Shaun Costello as Russ Carlson, 1978, approximately 83 minutes. 5/5❤

Schoolgirl’s Reunion (School Girl Reunion)/The Sensuous Flygirls

Schoolgirl’s Reunion (School Girl Reunion)/The Sensuous Flygirls. Shaun Costello, 1976-1977.

😸

Edition screened: Vinegar Syndrome DVD #246 Peekarama: Schoolgirl’s Reunion/The Sensuous Flygirls, released 2018. English language. Cumulative runtime approximately 142 minutes.

Summary: No depictions of violence or harm to animals in either feature.

• Schoolgirl’s Reunion. Shaun Costello (as Amanda Barton), 1977, approximately 71 minutes. 3.5/5❤

• The Sensuous Flygirls. Shaun Costello as (Nicholas Berland) & Constantine Zuba, 1976, approximately 71 minutes. 2/5❤

Sunny/More Than Sisters

Sunny/More Than Sisters. Shaun Costello, 1979.

😸

Edition screened: Vinegar Syndrome DVD #184 Peekarama: Sunny/More That Sisters, released 2017. English language. Cumulative runtime approximately 164 minutes.

Summary: No depictions of violence or harm to animals in either feature.

• Sunny. Shaun Costello as Warren Evans, 1979, approximately 72 minutes. 3.5/5❤

• More Than Sisters. Shaun Costello as Russ Carlson, 1979, approximately 92 minutes. 2/5❤

Wacky Taxi

Wacky Taxi. Alexander Grasshoff, 1972.

😸

Edition screened: Included on Darkforce Blu-ray Drive-in Double Feature #11: Secrets of Sweet Sixteen / Wacky Taxi, released 2021. English language. Runtime approximately 80 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

Where Is the Friend’s House?

Where Is the Friend’s House? (Khane-ye doust kodjast?). Abbas Kiarostami, 1987.

😸

Edition screened: Criterion Blu-ray#990, included in the box set The Koker Trilogy, released 2019. Persian language. Runtime approximately 83 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

Wings of Desire

Wings of Desire (Der Himmel über Berlin). Wim Wenders, 1987.

😸

Edition screened: Criterion Blu-ray #490, released 2009. German language. Runtime approximately 127 minutes.

Summary: No particular depictions of violence or harm to animals.

Zatoichi’s Vengeance

Zatoichi's Vengeance (Zatoichi no uta ga kikoeru). Tokuzo Tanake, 1966.

😸

Edition screened: Included in Criterion Blu-ray box set #679 Zatoichi: The Blind Swordsman, released 2013. Japanese language with English subtitles. Runtime approximately 82 minutes.

Summary: No depictions of violence toward animals.

The thirteenth film in the Zatoichi series.

Phantom of the Mall: Eric’s Revenge

Phantom of the Mall: Eric’s Revenge. Richard Friedman, 1989.

😸

Edition screened: Arrow Limited Edition Blu-ray set, released 2021. English language. Runtime of Integral Cut approximately 96 minutes.

Summary: The film includes several inserts of a threatening cobra, foreshadowing a snake-whoppin’ . . . But no harm or threat comes to the animal.

Many scenes in Phantom of the Mall are hallucinogenic in their simultaneous delightfulness and abject stupidity. The first scene with the cobra exhibits this duality and also the film’s pervasive indifference to any concept of time passing. At 43:40 we see Eric dump a mysterious cobra-sized wiggly something from a burlap bag into a drain clean-out beneath an enormous shopping mall because a man he intends to kill has just seated himself on a toilet in one of many bathrooms. Before that man can even begin the task at hand, the cobra has traveled god only knows how far in the sprawling five-floor mall and emerges from exactly the correct toilet bowl to bite the seated man right on the mongoose. Our view is from the stall door-cam, and what rises from the toilet actually looks like a badly burned baguette . . . Cut to insert of cobra . . . Cut to man on toilet screaming and holding his crotch. From that point forward the cobra apparently lives in the catacombs under the mall and uses his amazing Insert Powers to menace passersby.

The deluxe Arrow package contains four cuts of the film:

• The original Theatrical Cut (90 minutes)

• The TV Cut with nudity and gore replaced by some extended scenes (89 minutes)

• The Integral Cut combining those versions (96 minutes)

• The Subterranean Cut with extra gore (91 minutes, unrestored)

Three-quarters of the film is set in a gigantic California mall at the height of that shopping phenomenon. I was delighted to watch big-haired girls in pink and turquoise outfits trot past Orange Julius, Kinny Shoes, and Sam Goody. Made in the late 80s, Phantom of the Mall gets the courtly pageantry of Mall Aesthetic just right. There is a tuxedoed musician playing a white lacquered grand piano in the food court and Pauly Shore commandeers a hideous Honda Goldwing displayed like a trophy within a ring of flimsy stanchions. Teenagers are dressed like low-budget fashion models rather than wearing shapeless sweatpants and hunting jackets, and the storefronts are seductive rather than looking like yard sales. I remember all of that with sadness.

Of course the mall has an arcade. Mixed in among the video games are a 1988 Williams Cyclone, and a 1987 Gottlieb Arena. (all 31:28-31:35 in the Integral cut)

Stray Dog

Stray Dog (Nora inu). Akira Kurosawa, 1949.

😿

Edition screened: Criterion DVD #233, released 2004. Japanese language with English subtitles. Runtime approximately 122 minutes.

Summary: From 1:01:20 through 1:01:45, a narrated journal entry tells of killing a forlorn stray cat. Although considered a mercy killing by the diarist and not graphically described, it is distressing and unnecessary.

A post-production sound effect of a cat meowing plays during the narration. Kurosawa used this same sound recording during a long and otherwise quiet outdoor scene in Sanshiro Sugata or Sanshiro Sugata, Part Two. In that film, there is no mention of a cat or reason to include the sound effect. The meowing in Stray Dog also seems odd as no other such sound effects stand out in the film.

The opening titles are superimposed over a close-up of a dog panting in summer’s extreme heat. It seems like foreshadowing the death or abuse of the dog, but we see nothing more.

An arcade shooting gallery includes two small pinball machines of unknown type or name (0:26:00-0:27:00). They are seen only from the side and have no back boxes or distinguishing graphics.